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1.2 DESIGN CHALLENGES The design of algorithms for MANETs poses new and interesting research challenges, some of them particular to mobile ad hoc networks. Algorithms for a MANET must self-con gure to adjust to environment and traf c where they run, and goal changes must be posed from the user and application. Data communication in a MANET differs from that of wired networks in different aspects. The wireless communication medium does not have a foreseeable behavior as in a wired channel. On the contrary, the wireless communication medium has variable and unpredictable characteristics. The signal strength and propagation delay may vary with respect to time and environment where the mobile nodes are. Unlike a wired network, the wireless medium is a broadcast medium; that is, all nodes in the transmission range of a transmitting device can receive a message. The bandwidth availability and computing resources (e.g., hardware and battery power) are restricted in mobile ad hoc networks. Algorithms and protocols need to save both bandwidth and energy and must take into account the low capacity and

What are the drawbacks with this solution 1 We must maintain three array implementations containing considerable dup- licated code We'd prefer to have a single copy of the common code shared by three array classes, as well as any other array classes we later chose to support (perhaps a sorted array with bounds-checking) 2 Because the three array implementations are distinct types, we must write separate functions to operate on them, although the general operations within the functions may be identical For example:

void process_array( IntArray& ); void process_array( IntArrayRC& ); void process_array( IntSortedArray& );

a_by_2(n..0) 0 sign b(n 1..0)

We'd prefer to write a single function that accepts not only all our existing array classes but also any future array classes provided that the same set of operations are applied to each class The object-oriented paradigm provides us with exactly these abilities Item 1 is provided by the inheritance mechanism When an IntArrayRC class (that is, an IntArray class with range-checking) inherits from an IntArray class, it has access to the data members and member functions of IntArray without requiring that we maintain two copies of the code The new class need provide only the data members and member functions necessary to implement its additional semantics In C++, the class being inherited from, IntArray in this case, is spoken of as a base class The new class is said to be derived from the base class We call it the derived class, or the subtype, of the base class We say that IntArrayRC is a kind of IntArray with specialized behavior to support range-checking of the index value A subtype shares a common interface with its base class that is, a common set of public operations This sharing of a common interface allows the base class and subtype to be used interchangeably within a program without concern for the actual type of the object In a sense, the common interface encapsulates the type-specific details of the individual subtypes The type/subtype relationship between classes forms an inheritance or derivation hierarchy For example, here is the implementation of a nonmember swap() function taking as its primary argument a reference to a base class IntArray object The function swaps the two elements indexed by i and j

#include <IntArrayh> void swap( IntArray &ia, int i, int j ) { int tmp = ia[ i ]; ia[ i ] = ia[ j ]; ia[ j ] = tmp; }

1 Ad hoc is a Latin expression that means for the particular end or case at hand without consideration of wider application . An ad hoc network means that the network is established for a particular, often extemporaneous service customized to applications for a limited period of time.

Here are three legal invocations of swap():

IntArray ia; IntArrayRC iarc; IntSortedArray ias; // ok: ia is an IntArray swap( ia, 0, 10 ); // ok: iarc is a subtype of IntArray swap( iarc, 0, 10 ); // ok: ias is also a subtype of IntArray

file:///F|/WinDDK/resources/CPPPrimer/c++primerhtm (47 / 1065) [2001-3-29 11:32:02]

swap( ias, 0, 10 // error: string string str( "not swap( str, 0, 10

); is not a subtype an IntArray!" ); );

67. M. Caliskan, D. Graupner, and M. Mauve. Decentralized disovery of free parking places. In Proceedings of the Third ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET 06), Los Angeles, CA, October 2006, pp. 30 36. 68. CAMP Vehicle Safety Communications Consortium. Vehicle Safety Communications Project: Task 3 Final Report Identify Intelligent Vehicle Safety Applications Enabled by DSRC, March 2005. Available at http://ntlsearch.bts.gov/tris/record/tris/01002103.html. 69. I. Chlamtac, M. Conti, and J. J.-N. Liu. Mobile ad hoc networking: Imperatives and Challenges. Ad Hoc Networks, 1(1):13 64, 2003.

Each of the three array classes provides its own implementation of a subscript operator What we require, of course, is that when

swap( iarc, 0, 10 );

a_by_2(n 1..0)

swap( ias, 0, 10 );

.

Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada